Case Review Law of Tort

TRESPASS TO LAND BUKIT LENANG DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD v. TELEKOM MALAYSIA BHD & ORS [2012] 1 CLJ FACTS The plaintiff purchased a land from Oakfield Enterprises Sdn Bhd through a sale and purchase agreement dated 15 May 1996. The plaintiff was aware at that time of the presence of squatters on the land. Following the said purchase, the plaintiff commenced eviction proceedings against the squatters and succeeded in obtaining judgment where the court ordered that the squatters surrender vacant possession of the subject land to plaintiff.The plaintiff’s solicitors demanded that second defendant cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004. Plaintiff brings a suit due to second defendant’s refusal to comply with the demand. The defence counsel, however, argued that second defendant could not be held liable for trespass in view of its statutory obligation under the Electricity Supply Act 1990 (ESA), and the plai ntiff had failed to distinguish between the lots owned by the plaintiff and the rest of the land.ISSUES 1. Whether second defendant's failure to comply with plaintiff's demand to cease supply of electricity and remove structures in plaintiff's land can be amounted to trespass to land? 2. Whether second defendant liable for trespass to a certain extent? JUDGMENT 1. The High Court had come to a conclusion that the second defendant liable for trespass to the extent of supplying electricity to legal occupants in plaintiff's land.The illegal occupants did not have the authority to allow TNB as licensee to place any structures on the land of its cables or wires to run over the plaintiff’s lots which would be trespass. A valid and subsisting High Court order declaring the occupants’ status as squatters or trespassers had been served on second defendant and they had to comply with the plaintiff’s demand to cease supply of electricity premised on a valid and enforceable order.Second defendant as a public utility provider had failed to discontinue the trespass when due notice of illegal occupation had been given. 2. Plaintiff had vide its solicitors’ letter of 28 April 2004 put second defendant to notice that the court had determined that the occupiers on the plaintiff's land who had been supplied electricity were trespassers and the lot numbers owned by the plaintiff were supplied. The defence raised there was no evidence of any response from second to the effect that the plaintiff’s lots could not be identified from the entire piece of land.The occupants being squatters were strangers to the plaintiff whereas second defendant was in possession of records showing their identities and location of the households that had electricity supply. Hence, the issue of non-identification or demarcation of the plaintiff’s lots did not arise in this case. 3. So, second defendant were held liable for trespassing plaintiff's land by placing c ables and wires to run over plaintiff's lots and also by supplying electricity to illegal occupants in plaintiff's land.COMMENTARY I agree on behalf of High Court's decision where second defendant (Telekom Malaysia Bhd) should be liable for trespassing into plaintiff's (Bukit Lenang Development Sdn Bhd). This is because they had been informed earlier by plaintiff's solicitor to cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004 but they still failed to do so. They also know that the people they are supplying the electricity are illegal occupants of plaintiff's land.From a legal view, even by placing something on other's land and continue the act would be considered as trespass to land. So, second defendant had trespass plaintiff's land intentionally as they were informed earlier to comply with it. Furthermore, second defendant's action of supplying electricity to the illegal occupants is regarded as immoral by abetting a nd conspires with them to occupy plaintiff's land illegally. Therefore, in moral view, they should avoid from doing so. In conclusion, High Court's decision that second defendant liable for trespassing plaintiff's land is reasonable.PASSING OFF DANONE BISCUITS MANUFACTURING (M) SDN BHD V. HWA TAI INDUSTRIES BHD [2010] 8 MLJ 500 FACTS In early April 2001, the Plaintiff discovered that the defendant, Hwa Tai Industries Bhd, had been manufacturing and selling chocolate chip cookies bearing the trademark â€Å"Chipsplus†. The plaintiff subsequently requested that the defendant cease the manufacture and sale of cookies bearing this trademark, on the basis that the trademark, as well as get-up and packaging of the product, were confusingly similar to their registered â€Å"ChipsMore† mark.However, the defendant refused to do so, and as such, the plaintiff sued the defendant for trademark infringement and passing off. The plaintiff argued that the defendant’s â€Å"Ch ipsplus† trademark infringed upon its registered trademark, while the similar get-up and packaging of the cookies amounted to the defendant passing off its â€Å"Chipsplus† cookies as the Plaintiff’s â€Å"ChipsMore† cookies, and this affected their business, reputation and goodwill in Malaysia.The defendant however denied the plaintiff’s claims, and further contended that the â€Å"ChipsMore† registration had lapsed, and was therefore invalid. ISSUES 1. Whether Hwa Tai Industries Bhd is liable for passing off defendant's chocolate chip cookies â€Å"ChipsMore† trademark? JUDGMENT 1. It was held that the defendant’s mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† used on chocolate chip cookies were to bring result in confusion to the public as the mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† and the Plaintiff’s registered mark for â€Å"CHIPSMORE† for the same product are conceptually similar.The court found that the defendant was liable for infring ement because the plaintiff had a registration certificate and renewal certificate evidencing a valid trademark, and the Plaintiff had not given the defendant permission to use their trademark. Furthermore, as â€Å"Chipsplus† was similar to â€Å"ChipsMore†, there was a possibility of confusion or deception amongst the public. Court found in the plaintiff’s favour and allowed the plaintiff’s claim for infringement and passing off. COMMENTARYI am against the decision made by the court as the mark ‘CHIPSPLUS' used by defendant was like merely to use the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' to promote their new cookies products with extra and additional chips and it is not necessary to prove that the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' can be used by plaintiff only. Other manufacturers can have freedom to use any appropriate word as label for their products as long as it does not totally imitate other manufacturer's product label. Plaintiff maybe has the idea to promote their c hips cookies by using the ‘CHIPSPLUS' word too and not have the intention to pass off defendant's trademark.

Thesis: Violence and Mass Communication

Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School A Thesis Proposal Presented to Ms. Marjorie Miguel College of Arts and Letters Bulacan State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Communication Arts II For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication Major in Broadcasting By Calara, Jerica Mae S. P. Mendoza, Justine Mary Robert A. Navalta, Erl Chak S. J. Panti, Jeaneth D. P. Villalon, Maria Neren E. March 2012 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and LettersSchool Year 2011 March 22, 2012 Faculty of the College of Arts and Letters College of Arts and Letters Bulacan State University Malolos Bulacan To whom it may concern: Greetings! We, the Insiders from the freshmen of BA Mass Communication Major in broadcasting, are presenting our thesis proposal entitled â€Å"Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School,† written by Jerica Mae S. P. Calara, Justine Mary Robert A. Mendoza, Erl Chak S. J. Navalta, Jeaneth D. P. Panti, and Ma. Neren E.Villalon, guided and mentored by the Communication Arts II professor, Ms. Marjorie Miguel. This contains all the relevant information about media violence and its effects in the psychological development of an individual, particularly, the high school students of Bulacan State University. Rest assured that all the information contained in this proposal are true and reliable to best of our knowledge and beliefs. Yours truly, __________________ Ma. Neren E. Villalon Researcher ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank the Almighty Father for the blessing of wisdom, patience, and hardwork.We will forever offer all our sacrifices and efforts to Him and without Him, this would never be possible. To our research adviser and mentor, Ms. Marjorie Miguel, we thank you for your guidance and understan ding throughout the second semester, for you have taught us not only the lessons we need to learn in the school, but also the life lessons we have always needed. It is an honor to have you as our adviser. To our loving section, BAMC-1A, this research paper served as our stepping stone in achieving success. Behind the ideas and lessons we put in are also values that we should acquire as future media practitioners of our generation.There are three more years ahead of us, and we hope to have a fruitful future ahead of us. Congratulations for finishing the first chapter of college life. To our family, your support and love will be cherished forever, for without you, we would never achieve everything we have now. â€Å"A hypocrite works only for himself, a man works for the benefit of others; A good man works for the Lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ABSTRACT Title: Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laborator y High School Researchers: Calara, Jerica MaeMendoza, Justine Mary Robert Navalta, Erl Chak S. J. Panti, Jeaneth D. P. Villalon, Maria Neren E. Research Adviser: Ms. Marjorie Miguel Due to the evolution of the fast-paced world, a more graphic violence is exhibited in media, which gravely affected the psychological development of the children and adolescents, causing them to acquire a more distinct and aggressive behavior towards other people. OBJECTIVE In this research, the group aims to provide sufficient information to educate people about the harms of exposure to media violence to the psychological development of an individual.This would only be possible if people would really understand how important it is to guide their children properly. Furthermore, the researchers would like to promote a child-friendly media that would mold children into productive and morally-shaped professionals in the future. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Cover Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CHAPTER 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Review of Related Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Review of Related Literature Local Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Foreign Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Review of Related StudiesLocal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fo reign Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Hypotheses of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CHAPTER 3 Methods and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendices Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Experts’ Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Interview Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Curriculum Vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Violence is never new to the society, and it is constantly alarming because it greatly affects the development of a child.Whenever a person manifests any form of violence to a child, he imitates it in such a way that they think it is right, causing him to commit youthful crime. According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), there are more than 2,600 juvenile delinquency cases reported in 2009. A year later, the number reduced to 1,200. However, DSWD claims that there are still many unreported cases in the country (Diaz, 2011). Statistics on crime incidents from the Ph ilippine National Police from January to August 2011 showed that crimes committed by children account for only 2. % (or 3,856) of the 176,703 reported crimes, as against the remaining 172,847 committed by adults. It goes to show that many children committed crime and had exhibited aggressive and negative behavior towards people, and one of the causes of this inexcusable behavior is exposure to violence. Ten things every juvenile court judge should know about trauma and delinquency. The majority of youth who develop a pattern of delinquent behaviors and experience subsequent juvenile court involvement have faced both serious adversities and traumatic experiences.Research continues to show that most youth who are detained in juvenile detention centers have been exposed to both community and family violence and many have been threatened with, or been the direct target of, such violence (Abram et al. , 2004; Wiig, Widom, & Tuell, 2003). Studies also demonstrate that youth who have multi ple exposures to violence or victimization are at higher risk for mental health problems, behavioral problems, substance abuse, and delinquent behaviors (Ford, Chapman, Hawke, & Albert, 2007; Ford, Elhai, Connor, & Frueh, in press; Saunders, Williams, Smith, & Hanson, 2005; Tuell, 2008). Any form of violence gravely deteriorates the psychological well-being of a child. That is why it is noted that the main focus in on one of the factors that affects the psychological development of an individual, and that is media violence. Exposure to any form of violence may contribute to the behavioral patterns of growing individuals especially to those who have witnessed it throughout their lives, which is now possible with television as the fastest portal of learning and violence. According to some, you are what you watch when it comes to violence in the media and its influence on violent behavior in young people.The research published in February 2009 in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, s hows that even when other factors are considered, such as academic skills, encounters with community violence, or emotional problems, â€Å"childhood and adolescent violent media preferences contributed significantly to the prediction of violence and general aggression† in the study subjects (Buffington, et. al. ,2011). Media Violence – Introduction The debate over media violence has eluded definitive answers for more than three decades. At first blush, the debate is dominated by one question—whether or not media violence actually causes real-life violence.But closer examination reveals a political battle. On the one hand, there are those who blame media violence for societal violence and want to censor violent content to protect children. On the other hand are those who see regulation as the slippery slope to censorship or a smokescreen hiding the root causes of violence in society. One thing is certain: the issue of media violence is not going away. Increasing ly the debate is focusing on the â€Å"culture of violence,† and on the normalization of aggression and lack of empathy in our society. Media Violence ResearchResearch into the media and violence  examines whether links between consuming  media  violence and subsequent aggressive and  violent  behavior exists. Although some  social scientists  support this link, methodological and theoretical problems with the existing literature limit interpretation of findings in this area. There is concern among some scholars that media researchers may have exaggerated effects (Ferguson & Kilburn, 2009; Freedman, 2002; Pinker 2002; Savage, 2004). These effects, such as aggression and patterns of violent behaviors are believed to be interrelated with visual representations of violence.Complaints about the possible deleterious effects of mass media appear throughout history, even  Plato  was concerned about the effects of plays on youth. Various media/genres, including  d ime novels,  comic books,  jazz,  rock and roll,  role playing/computer games  and many others have attracted speculation that consumers of such media may become more aggressive, rebellious or immoral. This has led some scholars to conclude statements made by some researchers merely fit into a cycle of media-based moral panics (e. g. Gauntlett, 1995; Trend, 2007; Kutner & Olson, 2008).The advent of  television  prompted research into the effects of this new medium in the 1960s. Much of research has been guided by  social learning theory  developed by  Albert Bandura. Social learning theory suggests that one way in which human beings  learn  is by the process of modeling. Through the videos, movies, clips, episodes, and even shows, violence is manifested in media that is why children tend to imitate aggressive behaviors. Their minds create an interpretation which could be later on seen on their actions.These actions tend to shape them into violent individuals. From time to time, intellectual investigation and analysis about the effects of media violence and aggression to the psychological development of a child are being examined harmful influence of television violence and on how to create a child-friendly media that will help the parents mold their children into morally- shaped individuals. The researchers intend to apply the concepts of psychology in defining and explaining such terms that will justify the effects of media violence on the well-being of a child.It is also necessary to use medical terms that will support the statements presented in this research, which will be explained further. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There are many effects of exposure to media violence which influence the psychological well-being of a child. This study intends to investigate these effects, particularly to high school students in Malolos, Bulacan. This study is made to give answers and clarifications on the following questions: In general, the questio n is, â€Å"How does media violence, especially on television, affect the psychological development of a child? 1. How does viewing violence on television actually foster aggressive behavior? 2. Is the association of exposure to television violence with the aggressive behavior causal? (Is violent television directly causing aggressive behavior? ) 3. 1 Significant Association of Media Violence to Aggression 3. 2 Media Violence and the Increasing Rate of Youthful Crime 3. 3 Psychological Risks and Setbacks of Exposure to Media Violence 3. What should be the precautions and measures that should be applied in order to create a child-friendly media? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYConsidering all the aspects of this research, the main goal is to educate people and also the respondents about the harmful effects of media violence to the psychological well-being of a child. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the researchers to provide essential information about the psychological influences of exposure to media violence and aggression. Mass Communication Students. As future media practitioners, it is essential for them to promote a child-friendly media to its viewers because media is one of the factors of human development, moreover, in the psychological aspect of an individual.Students. This research would help students realize the disadvantages of patronizing shows which use media violence as a source of entertainment, and on how should they avoid watching it. Teachers and School Administrators. As mentors, this research would help them create a teaching strategy that will mold and guide students as they develop to mature professionals. Parents. It is the responsibility of the parents to guide their children in watching television programs. That is why they would gain information and explanations from this research that will help them guide their children properly. Readers.This intellectual output aims to provide readers with sufficient knowledge and understanding a bout the effects of media violence to the psychological well-being of a child. This would help them be informed not only about the harmful effects but also their responsibilities as viewers. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS There are several factors that should be considered in determining how media violence affects children and adolescents, but the researchers paid more attention in analyzing how media violence, especially on television, affects the psychological well-being of children and teenagers, particularly high school students.The scope of this research applies to Bulacan State University Laboratory High School students at Malolos City, Bulacan, for the school year 2011-2012. DEFINITION OF TERMS Mass Communication- refers to a scholarly study of mass media, its various forms and effects to people. Mass Media- refers collectively to all  media  technologies  that are intended to reach a large audience via  mass communication (Wikipedia) Development- refers to the progress achi eved by an individual which, in this research, pertains to the psychological development Psychology- the study of the  mind, occurring partly via the study of  behavior (Wikipedia).Violence- refers to the aggressive behaviors portrayed by the characters seen on television Students- refers to the high school students of Bulacan State University Laboratory High School (Unless given specification, e. g. Mass Communication Students) CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This study was based in the previous investigations and experiments made by analysts and psychologists in determining the probable causes and effects of media violence exposure. According to Andrea Martinez (1994), most studies support â€Å"a positive, though weak, relation between exposure to television violence and aggressive behaviour. Although that relationship cannot be â€Å"confirmed systematically,† she agrees with Dutch researcher Tom Van der Voot who argues that it would be illogical to conclude that â€Å"a phenomenon does not exist simply because it is found at times not to occur, or only to occur under certain circumstances. † More investigations took place to prove the relation of aggressive behavior to children and adolescents. They even conclude that there are several factors that affect the relationship of television violence to adolescents such as violent music lyrics.In 2003, Craig Anderson and Iowa State University colleague Nicholas Carnagey and Janie Eubanks of the Texas Department of Human Services reported that violent music lyrics increased aggressive thoughts and hostile feelings among 500 college students. They concluded, â€Å"There are now good theoretical and empirical reasons to expect effects of music lyrics on aggressive behavior to be similar to the well-studied effects of exposure to TV and movie violence and the more recent research efforts on violent video games. â€Å"It is implied that violent music lyrics act as their †Å"opium†, for when teenagers listen to such music, it tends to make them feel more aggressive, creating different feelings and thoughts. In 1960, University of Michigan Professor Leonard Eron studied 856 grade three students living in a semi-rural community in Columbia County, New York, and found that the children who watched violent television at home behaved more aggressively in school. Eron wanted to track the effect of this exposure over the years, so he revisited Columbia County in 1971, when the children who participated in the 1960 study were 19 years of age.He found that boys who watched violent TV when they were eight were more likely to get in trouble with the law as teenagers. When Eron and Huesmann returned to Columbia County in 1982, the subjects were 30 years old. They reported that those participants who had watched more violent TV as eight-year-olds were more likely, as adults, to be convicted of serious crimes, to use violence to discipline their children, and to treat their spouses aggressively. Studies show that violent behaviors, just like any other behavior can be seen through years and can still be observed even for a long period of time.Professor Monroe Lefkowitz published similar findings in 1971. Lefkowitz interviewed a group of eight-year-olds and found that the boys who watched more violent TV were more likely to act aggressively in the real world. When he interviewed the same boys ten years later, he found that the more violence a boy watched at eight, the more aggressively he would act at age eighteen. Columbia University professor Jeffrey Johnson has found that the effect is not limited to violent shows. Johnson tracked 707 families in upstate New York for 17 years, starting in 1975.In 2002, Johnson reported that children who watched one to three hours of television each day when they were 14 to 16 years old were 60 per cent more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as adults than those who watched less TV. Kansas St ate University professor John Murray concludes, â€Å"The most plausible interpretation of this pattern of correlations is that early preference for violent television programming and other media is one factor in the production of aggressive and antisocial behavior when the young boy becomes a young man. † People often use the phrase that â€Å"children are impressionable. It means that children do not see the world through the same filter of experience that adults do. Children see things more literally. They do not yet possess the sophisticated sensibilities to distinguish fiction from reality. It matters a great deal, therefore, how much TV children watch and what they view. The effects of media violence on children have been studied for over thirty years, with researchers repeatedly finding correlations between aggressive/violent behavior and the viewing of media violence. These education and psychology researchers began asserting years ago that a cause-and-effect relatio nship existed, i. . , viewing media violence was one of the causative factors in aggressive behavior in children. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES Exposure to such quantities of violent depictions damages youth and contributes to violence in real life. In particular, television violence promotes aggression, teaches the youth that violence is an acceptable solution to problems, and fosters a fearful attitude by leading viewers to think that the world is more violent than it really is. Here are the theories that will explain the influences of television violence to the youth: Cultivation TheoryCultivation Theory focuses more on how people attitudes are impacted by the media, rather than just behaviors. One of the findings of this research is that when people are exposed to heavy media violence, they seem to have an attitudinal misconception called â€Å"mean world syndrome†. This means that they overestimate how much violence actually occurs in their communities and the rest of the w orld. While on the other hand, people who are exposed to less media violence have a more realistic sense of the amount of violence in the real world.Social Learning Theory Media affects theories in modern times originated with Albert Bandura's social learning theory, which suggests that children may learn aggression from viewing others. Modeling of behavior was observed in Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiments. He showed children a video of a model beating up a Bobo doll and then put the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video. The findings of this experiment suggest that children tended to model the behavior they witnessed in the video.This has been often taken to imply that children may imitate aggressive behaviors witnessed in media. Catharsis Theory Catharsis is a Greek word meaning â€Å"cleansing† or â€Å"purging†. It has been described as a â€Å"purification† or a â€Å"purging† of su ch emotions. Many directors and producers of violent media claim that their products are cathartic. For example, Alfred Hitchcock, director of the movie Psycho, said, â€Å"One of television's greatest contributions is that it brought murder back into the home where it belongs. Seeing a murder on television can be good therapy.It can help work off one's antagonism. † More recently, in 1992, Paul Verhoeven, director of the movie Total Recall, said, â€Å"I think it's a kind of purifying experience to see violence. † Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theories build upon social learning theory, but suggest that aggression may be activated by learning and priming aggressive scripts. Desensitization is also included in latter social cognitive theories. For example in one recent study, a sample of college students was assigned at random to play either a violent or non-violent video game for 20 minutes.They were then asked to watch a 10 minute video of real life violen ce. The students who had played the violent video games were observed to be significantly less affected by the simulated aggressive act than those who didn't play the violent video games. Moral Panic Theory Clarified by David Gauntlett this theory postulates that concerns about new media are historical and cyclical. Society forms a predetermined negative belief about a new media. Research studies and statements by scholars and politicians are designed to confirm the pre-existing belief, rather than objectively study the issue with care.Ultimately the panic dies out after several years or even decades, but ultimately resurfaces when yet another new form of media is introduced. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE LOCAL LITERATURE Cultures of corruption and of violence in society are close cousins, if not twins. They are intertwined. Where there is corruption, there is violence, and vice versa. Violence is a symptom of a corrupt mind or society, and corruption is violence against fellow human beings and society (Chua, 2010). Children through their adolescent stage are great imitators.Television violence surfaced the minds of our teenagers though it brings negative effects- for adolescents search for their role model during their formative years. In the Philippines, where almost every household had televisions, violence is rampant. Philippine Television Scenario: * 93% of Filipino children have access to television. * Television shows consist of 10,000 rape, assaults and murder scenes each year. * Teenage boys who watch television more than an hour are more likely to commit violent acts than those who watch less than an hour.With the influence of television that results to violence, the United Nations classified Philippines as a high aggression area—an environment promoting aggressive behavior. It is said that exposure to adult programs eliminates childhood. (Tan, 1994) concluded that before, learning is difficult and dependent, but now, the youth easily learn abo ut adult behavior through TV programs. If they are required by law to wait until they are old enough to drive, likewise, they need to wait for the right age to watch TV.Television may not be as detrimental for teenagers or for adults, as it is for the young ones. With this statistics, Sen. Manuel Villar Jr. has filed a bill banning the broadcast of programs that contain scenes considered extremely violent for children during daytime. Senate Bill 2441 mandates the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) and the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to establish rules for blocking violent programs during daytime. Television has been taken for granted, as it becomes the fastest portal of violence. Teenagers feel vulnerable and less protected.Teenagers are exposed to increasingly higher doses of aggressive images. Violence among youth is also on the rise, making it plausible to correlate the two, even though we believe that the primary causes for aggressive b ehavior in children are to be found in their family environment, and the social and economic conditions in which they are raised. Television violence merges with reality. FOREIGN LITERATURE Learning violence has no exception. It can be imitated in the same manner as how the alphabet was committed to memory (Walker, 2010). In a study conducted by Dr.Jo Groebel of Utrecht University from 1996-1997, it was confirmed the dominant role of television in the everyday lives of children around the globe: 93% of the students who attend school and live in electrified urban or rural areas have regular access to television and watch it for an average of three hours a day. This represents at least 50% more than the time spent on any other out of school activity, including homework, being with friends, or reading. The result justifies the assumption that television is the most powerful source of information and entertainment besides face-to-face interaction.It is concluded that the introduction of television in the 1950s caused a subsequent doubling of the homicide rate, i. e. , long-term childhood exposure to television is a causal factor behind approximately one half of the homicides committed in the United States, or approximately 10 000 homicides annually. Although the data are not as well developed for other forms of violence, they indicate that exposure to television is also a causal factor behind a major proportion-perhaps one half-of rapes, assaults, and other forms of interpersonal violence in the United States (Centerwall, 1992)Fig 1. — This series of photographs shows a 14-month old boy learning behavior from a television set. In photograph A, the adult pulls apart a novel toy. The infant leans forward and carefully studies the adult's actions. In photograph B, the infant is given the toy. In photograph C, the infant pulls the toy apart, imitating what he had seen the adult do. Of infants exposed to the instructional video, 65% could later work the toy, as compared with 20% of unexposed infants.Just like Bandura’s experiment on how children learn and adapts violence, the figure shows how easily a toddler mimics a personality on a television. To present how television violence manifests in the youth’s daily lives, Arnold Schwarzenegger’s ‘Terminator’ is a global icon, known by 88% of the children surveyed, be they from India, Brazil or Japan. Asked to name their favorite role models, boys most frequently named an action hero. 51% of the children from war or high-crime environments wish to be like him, as compared to 37% in the low-aggression neighborhoods.This only means that teenagers tend to mimic the shows they have seen on television. In 1990, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a policy statement that Pediatricians should advise parents to limit their children's television viewing to 1 to 2 hours per day. Nowadays, the youth perceives television as a factual source of information about a wor ld outside their homes but the truth is this is where violence is a daily commonplace. But violence, according to Centerwall in 1992, is generally powerful, exciting, charismatic, and efficacious. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIESLOCAL STUDIES One of the findings was half of the Filipino programs contain violent incident (excluding news casts). Moreover, it indicated that violence would likely occur in these kinds of television programs: 1. Action/Adventure 2. Drama/Sitcoms 3. Variety Shows 4. MTV (Music Television) Exposure to this kind of television programs lead to several problematic outcomes. Aggression Adolescents in middle school and high school are much more likely than younger children to doubt the reality of television content and much less likely to identify with television characters.The small percentages of those who continue to believe in the reality of television and to identify with its violent heroes are the only ones likely to be more aggressive, especially if they continu e to fantasize about aggressive-heroic themes. Desensitization Desensitization is indicated by lower empathy or sympathy. Media violence has also been shown to desensitize youth to violence. Trauma and Victimization Media violence also leads to fear and a feeling of victimization.In one study, 75% of high school students reported media violence at moderate to high levels, and 10% sought to counseling due to nightmares, anxiety, and fear associated with media violence. FOREIGN STUDIES Bobo Doll Experiment The Bobo doll experiment was the name of two experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and 1963 studying patterns of behavior associated with aggression. He hoped that the experiments would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would state that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.He showed children a video of a model beating up a Bobo doll and then put the chi ldren in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video. The findings of this experiment suggest that children tended to model the behavior they witnessed in the video. This has been often taken to imply that children may imitate aggressive behaviors witnessed in media. In his book, The 11 Myths of Media, James Potter shares what he believes to be the short term effects and long term effects of media. Short-Term Effects . Imitation and Copying Behavior Children and adults mimic and incorporate a behavior they have seen a character in media perform. 2. Desensitization Media can reduce our emotional reactions. It breaks down viewer’s natural resistance to killing. 3. Temporary Fear Violent media can produce intense fright reactions. Fright is an immediate emotional response and is composed of anxiety, distress, and increased physiological arousal that are frequently engendered in viewers as a result of exposure to specific types of media productions.Long-Term Effects 1. Aggression 2. Moving the Mean of Society toward More of a Fight Flight Mentality When violence permeates the media year after year in all kinds of programming and when the message of the violence is antisocial (violence is usually justified, successful, and harmless to victims), the mean of society is likely to move gradually to antisocial direction. The society will gradually move towards a fight-flight mentality. The fight component is exhibited by an erosion of inhibitions to behaving in a violent manner.The flight component is exhibited by a gradual increase in generalized fear along with an erosion of sympathy for victims of violence. 3. Thinking of Being Victims of a Crime 4. Accepting Violence Easily CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Fig. 2 — Through an input, process, and output cycle, the researchers defined the relationship of media violence linked to aggression. When children are exposed to media violence at an early age, their mind cr eates an interpretation that is why they imitate any aggressive behavior shown to them. Through this, aggression is manifested. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYFrom the information gathered by the researchers in determining the probable effects of exposure to media violence to the psychological development of an individual, hypotheses are formulated. These are based on the findings of this research and will be proved later on. 1. Through media violence manifested on television, aggressive behaviors are acquired as a child interprets what he sees on the character. Children tend to imitate what they see on television that is why it becomes a habit when they are exposed in this form of violence. By this, the child learns to act in the same behavior as what he sees. 2.Proper development of the psychological being of a child is at risk, especially of teenagers because they are on their adolescence stage—a stage of development and preparation for adulthood. What they see and learn in their childhood such as violence, might lead to execution of violent acts acquired in their adulthood, leading to more serious behavioral problems. Without the proper guidance, they might constantly develop into a violent person. 3. One characteristic of a child is being impressionable, that is why they directly imitate the acts they see on television. From this, aggressive behavior could be achieved. . Young children often mimic what they see. Older children develop, through years of watching, sub-conscious mental plans of how they will react in conflict situations. For years they have seen conflicts resolved by violence, and they sub-consciously develop the same reaction plan. When confronted with a conflict, the tendency is to react the way they have seen countless others react—in a combative, aggressive or violent manner. 5. By reducing their time in watching, accompanied by proper guidance and explanation, they could reduce the tendency of a child to acquire violent behavior. 6.Television is the most efficient and the fastest portal of learning and acquiring knowledge. Children watching television without proper guidance gives their own explanation to what they have watched. In such manner, they tend to grow and bear in mind their wrong interpretation of violence. CHAPTER III METHODS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Descriptive Method The researchers applied the descriptive or statistical method that will describe the data and characteristics of the population intended in this research. Through this, the researchers also used the survey method as a technique in defining the data gathered and presented.Survey Method The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. This method assesses the student’s point of view through series of questions intellectually formulated to satisfy the needed information in this research. This is conducted in a group of students from Bulacan State University Laboratory High School. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Th e researchers used questionnaires distributed to the students, consisting of closed-ended questions. A  closed-ended question  is a question format that provides respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choice to answer the question.The group also formulated interview guide consisting of series of questions that will help in directing the conversation towards the topics and issues presented in this research. Through these instruments, the researchers will gather the data needed in order to provide the results needed in this research. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, C. A. , and Bushman, B. J. (2002). The effects of media violence on society. Science, 295, 2377-2378. Appendix 4-B violence in the media and its effect on youth violence. (1999). Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from http://www. urgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4b. html Centerwall, B. S. (1992, June 10). Television and Violence: The Sca le of the Problem and Where to Go From Here. Retrieved from http://cursor. org/stories/television_and_violence. htm Chua, P. S. (2010, August 30). Heart to heart talk: violence on television. Cebu Daily News, Retrieved from http://globalnation. inquirer. net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20100830-289558/Violence-on-television Frazier, B. (n. d). The impact of tv violence on children and adolescents. The Successful Parent. Retrieved from http://www. thesuccessfulparent. om/children-and-media/the-impact-of-tv-violence-on-children-and-adolescents Grobel, J. (1997). Media and violence study. Retrieved from http://www. ppu. org. uk/education/mediaviolencesurvey-c. html Johnson, J. G. , et al. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science,  295, 2468-2471. Media awareness network. (2010, July 8). Violence in Media Entertainment. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/violence_entertainment. cfm Media violence â €“ introduction. (2010). Media Awareness Network. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. a/english/issues/violence/ Media violence and behavior. (n. d). LimiTV. Retrieved from http://www. limitv. org/aggression. htm Research on the effects of media violence. (2010). Media Awareness Network. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence. cfm Rick Nauert PhD. (2008). Media violence linked to aggression. Psych Central. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/news/2008/11/20/media_violence_linked_to_aggression/3379. html Violence kills tv. (1998, December 1). Science Go Go. Retrieved March 19, 2012, from http://www. scienceagogo. com/news/19981101145024data_trunc_sys. html Shah, S. A. A. (2008). Children and media violence. Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/30841039/Media-Research-Children-and-Media-Violence Short and long term media effects. (2012). The New Media Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www. the newmedia-foundation. org/media/valus. php Sy, M. (2011, April 19). Villar calls for ban on tv programs too violent for kids. The Philippine Star, Retrieved from http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=677908&publicationSubCategoryId= Tan, B. C. (1994). Tv is not for children. Retrieved from http://www. rstep. org. ph/reading2. tm Violence, media (position paper). (2004). AAFP. Retrieved from http://www. aafp. org/online/en/home/policy/policies/v/violencemedia. html APPENDICES QUESTIONNAIRES BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 Provided in this questionnaire are personal questions. Please answer all the questions honestly. Shade the circle provided before the choices. -The Insiders Provided in this questionnaire are personal questions. Please answer all the questions honestly. Shade the circle provided before the choices. -The Insiders BASIC INFORMATION: Name: ______________________________________Year and Section:___________________________ __ Age: ____ Gender: __________ Address:_____________________________________ ____________________________________________ Contact No. : __________________________________ 1. During your childhood years, how many hours a day did you spend in watching television? * 1-2 hours * 3-4 hours * 5-7 hours * Others (Please specify. ):_______ 2. Which of the following programs did you often watch before? * Sineskwela * Math-tinik * Hiraya Manawari * Teletubbies * Voltes V * Daimos * Power Rangers * Tom and Jerry 3. Do your parents prevent you from watching programs that show violence? Yes * No 4. As an adolescent, how many hours a day do you spend in watching? * 1-2 hours * 3-4 hours * 5-7 hours * Others (Please specify. ):_______ FOLLOW- UP QUESTION: Do your parents still prevent you from watching programs that promote violence? * Yes * No 5. What kind of programs do you prefer? * Drama * Comedy * Action * Others (Please specify. ) : __________________ 6. Do you often watch alone? * Yes * No 7. Which of the following programs did you often watch before? * Matanglawin * Kap’s Amazing Stories * Pinoy Explorer * IJuander * City Hunter * Iris * Valiente * Regal Shocker 8.Do you think it is beneficial for you to patronize programs with violent scenes? * Yes * No 9. Do you think that exposure to media violence could cause a child to be aggressive? * Yes * No 10. What is your reaction after seeing violence on television? * Pleased- happy, contented * Terrified- scared, frightened * Not Contented- wanting more * Annoyed- disturbed, irritated LETTERS BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 185 Sapphire Street, Brgy. Perez, Bulakan, Bulacan, Phils. March 22, 2012 Mr. Angel C. Caparas High School Principal Bulacan State University- Laboratory High SchoolCity of Malolos, Bulacan Dear Mr. Caparas: We, a group of Mass Communication students from the College of Arts and Letters, are in the process of accomplishing our research paper in a study enti tled, â€Å"Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School. † We would like to request for your permission in order for us to conduct our survey in the campus. The students would be the respondents of our study. This would be of great help in our research. Rest assured that we will take charge in this survey.We are hoping for your cooperation. Yours Sincerely, Erl Chak S. J. Navalta Group Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 Santa Maria, Bulacan March 22, 2012 Dr. Agnes Crisostomo Psychology Professor College of Social Science and Philosophy Bulacan State University Dear Madam: We, the students of Bulacan State University-College of Arts and Letters will be conducting a study entitled, â€Å"Effects of Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- La boratory High School. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the course English 123-Communication Arts 2 thesis proposal. In this regard, we respectfully request for your participation to be the subject of our study. We would assure that any information gathered would be handled properly and with strict confidentiality. Thank you very much! Yours truly, ________________________ Justine Mary Robert A. Mendoza Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters School Year 2011 004 Tabon Malis, Guiguinto, Bulacan March 22, 2012 Lolita S. P. Santos Social WorkerCity Social Welfare and Development Malolos Bulacan Dear Mrs. Santos Greetings! We, the Mass Communication students of Bulacan State University, are humbly requesting to your office to allow us to conduct an interview that will give us pertinent information regarding on behavioral aspects of youth and juvenile delinquency here in Bulacan, particularly in the city of Malolos. The said information will s uffice to our thesis proposal entitled â€Å" Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School. †Rest assured that all information will remain confidential and shall be used only for the said thesis proposal. We are looking forward to your kindest cooperation and consideration. Yours truly, __________________ Jeaneth D. P. Panti Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters School Year 2011 754 Kabilang Bacood, Sta. Rita, Guiguinto, Bulacan March 22, 2012 High School Students Laboratory High School Bulacan State University Dear Respondents: Greetings! We are the Insiders, a group of first year Mass Communication students from the College of Arts and Letters are currently writing our research proposal.We are kindly asking for you to answer the following questions that will be vital to the completion of this proposal. Rest assured that all information will rem ain confidential and shall be used only for the said thesis proposal. We are looking forward to your kindest cooperation and consideration. Yours truly, __________________ Jerica Mae S. P. Calara Researcher EXPERTS’ PROFILES PERSONAL PROFILE Name: Lolita S. P. Santos Address: Malolos Bulacan E-mail address: lolitasantos. [email  protected] com Age: 23 Gender: female Nationality: Filipino Place of birth: Bulacan Civil status: marriedReligion: Catholic EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary: University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Secondary: Holy Spirit Academy Malolos Bulacan PROFESSION Currently serving as a social worker at the City Social Welfare and Development here at Malolos Bulacan, which provides social programs especially to indigenous families in Malolos, provides livelihood projects, child labor programs and other social services that caters the welfare of the people PERSONAL PROFILE Name: Agnes Del Rosario Crisostomo Address: Malolos, Bulacan E-mail address: [email  protected] om Age: 40 Gender: Female Nationality: Filipino Place of birth: Paombong, Bulacan Civil status: Married Religion: Catholic EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary 2009PhD in Psychology University of the Philippines 2005MA in Psychology University of the Philippines 1987BA Psychology University of the Philippines (Diliman) Secondary Paombong High School PROFESSION 4th year Associate Professor in Bulacan State University Employee at Women of Malolos Foundation Incorporation INTERVIEW GUIDE Questions: 1. How much education did you have to go through to become a (field)? 2.Is there a significant relationship between exposure to television violence and aggressive behavior? 3. Is this relationship causal? 4. How does it impact teenagers? 5. Are there any psychological problems that can be caused by television? 6. Why do you think television violence is bad for teenagers? Or why do you think it is okay to let them watch? 7. Do you think the effects of television violence are v ery serious to the teenagers today? Why? 8. What do you think their behavior would be? 9. In your opinion, what ages are safe to watch television violence? 10. Is there anything wrong with letting a young child watch TV? 1. What do you think about always keeping teenagers away from television so that they can not watch violent television programs or shows? 12. Can teenagers adjust good and bad side of violent television programs or shows themselves? Why? CURRICULUM VITAE JERICA MAE SAN PEDRO CALARA 754 Kabilang Bacood, Sta. Rita, Guiguinto, Bulacan Mobile Number: 09157990046 Telephone Number: Email Address: jericamae. [email  protected] com PERSONAL DATA Nickname :Jerica, JM Status:Single Birth Date:May 24, 1995 Citizenship:Filipino Skills:Communication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDTertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 – 2012 Secondary Holy Spirit Academy of Malolos Sta . Isabel, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 – 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 JUSTINE MARY ROBERT AQUINO MENDOZA 277 N. Mendoza St. , San Gabriel, Sta. Maria, Bulacan Mobile Number: 09179917850 Telephone Number: (044) 641-03-77 Email Address: [email  protected] om PERSONAL DATA Nickname :Justine Status:Single Birth Date:February 26, 1994 Citizenship:Filipino Skills:Communication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 – 2012 Secondary Saint Paul College of Bocaue Bocaue, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 – 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16 , 2012 ERL CHAK SAN JOSE NAVALTA 85 Sapphire St. Perez, Bulakan, Bulacan Mobile Number: 09274308912 Telephone Number: (044) 668-74-93 Email Address: [email  protected] com PERSONAL DATA Nickname :Erl, Chak Status:Single Birth Date:October 14, 1995 Citizenship:Filipino Skills:Communication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 – 2012 Secondary Immaculate Conception School for Boys Second Year- Fourth Year Poblacion, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2008 – 2011 Assumpta Academy First YearSan Jose, Bulakan, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 – 2008 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 Pandayang Lino Brocka Valencia Hall Bulacan State University 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 JEANETH DELA PAZ PANTI 004, Tabon Malis, Guiguinto, Bulaca n Mobile Number: 09351860944 Telephone Number: N. A. Email Address: [email  protected] com PERSONAL DATA Nickname :Jeaneth Status:Single Birth Date:September 12, 1994 Citizenship:Filipino Skills:Communication Skills, Computer LiterateEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 – 2012 Secondary Guiguinto National Vocational High School Guiguinto, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 – 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 Pandayang Plaridel BSU Hostel Bulacan State University Pandayang Lino Brocka Valencia Hall Bulacan State University 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 MA. NEREN ENRIQUEZ VILLALON 611, Calle Hagonoy St. San Pablo, City of Malolos, Bulacan Mobile Number: 09066250818 Telephone Number: (044) 760-75-68 Email Address: [email  protected] com PERSONAL DATA Nickname :Neren Status:Single Birth Date:September 4, 1994 Citizenship:Filipino Skills:Communication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 – 2012 Secondary Holy Spirit Academy of Malolos Sta. Isabel, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 – 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo

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Reflection - Essay Example Sharing ideas in an honest way in the workplace provide opportunity for employees to give information that helps in better working environment. Working as a leader with my friends in organizing a function, I lied about better rewards after doing the task. The truth came out later and I lost trust of those I had worked with in organizing the function. Using honesty in workplace is important in achieving optimum working environment. In as much as we like to show our achievements and sometimes commanding, being a humble leader is very important in relating to other. Humility will ensure other people in junior ranks do not feel intimidated be the leader’s presence. A humble leader will provide opportunity for other junior members to approach him/her easily and freely discuss any arising problems. Provision of such opportunity will ensure decisions made with best interest for all. Humility forms vital part in relations of workers or members in an organization. Leaders or employees who are arrogant have hard time in relating to fellow employees or juniors. This limits discussions and sharing of ideas to make workplace better. Being a humble leader helps in gaining respect but not fear from juniors. Humble leaders also accept mistakes if they have committed one and do not blame others. This involves choosing what is right to even if it does not favor those close to the leader. Fairness shows the quality of a leader who can deal with those who like them and those who do not like them. In fairness, the leader follows the rules and set example to any person looking up to him/her. This strength sets example and shows how to follow organization rules to benefit everyone. This character strength is very important in making decisions that affect people around. It involves giving every person equal chances in development in the work area that in turn motivate employees to work hard. Unfair treatment of

A discussion by Lanston Hughes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A discussion by Lanston Hughes - Essay Example families and kids now of their own but it is amplified by the awkwardness of their chance meeting in the busy park in early autumn after years of no communication, each hurrying on the way home before dark. The autumn season signifies the progression towards a time of darkness and coldness, the season of winter. This also somehow conveys the message of being in the sunset or twilight of their lives already, in middle age and soon into retirement age. The exuberance of their youth had been gone and each of them is now weighed down by their respective marital and familial responsibilities. Their sense of loss is further emphasized by the loss of time, if only they could turn back the clock and go back to their younger days when they were the best of lovers. Both of them are now a bit old, although Mary is older than Bill, since she is the elder of the two. The setting of the story is unfailingly very depressing, shown by the metaphors of fallen autumn leaves from the trees, â€Å"fell without wind.† The time of day was â€Å"autumn dusk† which is â€Å"nearly sunset† already; a few more minutes and it would be dark as night sets in. It was â€Å"cold.† Figures of speech used, such as metaphors and euphemisms symbolize the regrets of not having pursued their dreams; both are now in the autumn of their lives (Hughes, 2002, p.

Direct government actions and effects related to public university Research Paper

Direct government actions and effects related to public university issues - Research Paper Example The federal government is estimated to contribute 10.8 percent of educational finances in elementary and secondary education (U.S Department of Education 1) Involvement of the government in public universities can be dated back to after the World War where they were viewed as an extension of the government. This is attributed to the fact that their teaching budgets were outsourced from the government. Additionally, their research efforts were financed by the federal government and the state. Within the recent time, this has changed, with a significant proportion of public universities receiving majority of their revenues from tuition fee. This has increased by 6 percent from 1993-1994 with allocations per student by the government being lower in 2004-2005 as compared to the former years. This is since the government has not increased the allocations, leading to public universities increasing their tuition fee in bid to account for the 38 percent growth of enrollment in public univers ities (Bublitz and Martin 56). ... Accreditation agencies are other institutions that serve as stakeholders in the public universities. These accreditation agencies are responsible for the development of policies, rules, and regulations that are to be followed by the public universities. These institutions are responsible for enhancing that the education requirements are met by the public universities so as to be in a position to offer courses they intend to offer. These accrediting institutions are also involved in examining, licensing and evaluating the public universities (Council for Higher Education Accreditation 1). The students in the public universities are other stakeholders as pertains to public universities. These students are enrolled from diverse capacities in bid of the government to ensure equal access to education for all. Students enrolled in these public universities are perceived as consumers of the education and the revenue channeled into their education by the government, with an expectation that they will repay in future. The families of the students and the community the students belong to are also stakeholders since they benefit from the expertise of the students upon graduation from public universities (Bublitz and Martin 56). Arguments In Support Of Government Continuing To Play a Direct Role The United States government acknowledges that public universities which serve as institutions of higher learning are of significant importance as national security, health care, and development of alternative energy. This is attributed to the fact that public universities serve as a hub for dreamers and doers; innovators and engineers; technicians and scientists, and theorists and

Nutrition in Home Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nutrition in Home Care - Essay Example This essay will discuss principles of nutrition, give potential problems for lack of nutrition and talk about therapeutic diet. It will highlight safety in handling food, discuss fluid balance and talk about community resources on nutrition. 2. Key principle of nutrition. According to Gibson (2005, p. 25), adhering to principles of nutrition gives the client strength and helps to maintain body weight. It replaces lost minerals and vitamins, boosts the immune and enhances response after treatment. The client should eat a variety of foods from the following groups; carbohydrates, protein, minerals, fats, vitamins and sugars. The foods should be taken in correct amount to maintain weight and should avoid dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. The client can have regular exercise. Three main meals in a day with plenty of snacks in between can be adopted. Ingram and Lavery (2009, p. 218) note that, the body is composed of water, minerals, protein, fats, carbohydrates and refuse. Food t hat is taken builds the body. Food is important in giving the body energy, warmth and retaining heat and energy. Implementing nutritional principles enable a person to have energy, good health, and reduce sickness. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables for good health. Increase water intake. Take seasonal foods since they enhance nutrition. Take a wide variety of diverse foods and ensure food is taken in moderation. Whole food nutrition is better than separate nutrition element. Taking supplements is not an equivalent to replacing food. Take food that is good for eating and not poisonous or contaminated. It is important to discipline self to eat food in the right amount. Good nutrition can prevent and at times reverse illnesses. If nutritional principles are followed the cost of care is reduced since ailments subside. 3. Potential nutrition problems. Birchenall and Streight (2012, p. 19) mention that, home healthcare clients can experience nutritional problems despite paying attention to getting adequate food. One of the common problems is under nutrition which leads to weight loss. Weight loss can be easily identified and treated with balanced diet, correct food and beverage quantities. However, medication effects and depression that a client experience can lead to weight loss. The problem is solved by introducing feeding tubes to avoid under nutrition of protein energy. Another problem is deficiency of pyridoxine, folate, vitamin D and minerals like zinc. The deficiency of nutrients hinders healing of wounds and contributes to low immune. Additionally, failure to take adequate fluids causes dehydration. Furthermore, post prandial hypotension can occur and inevitably cause the home care client to have aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia can cause a fall. 4. Therapeutic diets. Therapeutic diets refer to foods that are modified to meet the specific health and physical needs of a client. The modification is recommended by a nutritionist or a medical profess ional. The objective is to adjust the content of calories, texture or nutrients to the most appropriate depending on the client’s condition (William and Schlenker, 2003, p. 17). Therapeutic diets require patience and convincing to the client. This is because they may have body weakness, sickness, lack of appetite or self pity. It is easier to make them understand the use of diet by explanation. Therapeutic diet include food

The History of Chocolate Essay Example for Free

The History of Chocolate Essay The first recorded evidence of chocolate as a food product goes back to Pre-Columbian Mexico. The Mayans and Aztecs were known to make a drink called Xocoatll from the beans of the cocoa tree. In 1528, the conquering Spaniards returned to Spain with chocolate still consumed as a beverage. A similar chocolate drink was brought to a royal wedding in France in 1615, and England welcomed chocolate in 1662. To this point chocolate as we spell it today, had been spelled variously as chocalatall, jocolatte, jacolatte, and chockelet. 11 In 1847, Fry Sons in England introduced the first eating chocolate, but did not attract much attention due to its bitter taste. In 1874, Daniel Peter, a famed Swiss chocolateer, experimented with various mixtures in an effort to balance chocolates rough flavor, and eventually stumbled upon that abundant product milk. This changed everything and chocolates acceptance after that was quick and enthusiastic. GROWING COCOA BEANS Cocoa beans are usually grown on small plantations in suitable land areas 20 degrees north or south of the Equator. One mature cocoa tree can be expected to yield about five pounds of chocolate per year. These are planted in the shade of larger trees such as bananas or mangos, about 1000 trees per hectare (2,471 acres). Cocoa trees take five to eight years to mature. After harvesting from the trees, the pods (which contain the cocoa beans) are split open, beans removed, and the beans are put on trays covered with burlap for about a week until they brown. Then they are sun dried until the moisture content is below 7%. This normally takes another three days. After cleaning, the beans are weighed, selected and blended before roasting at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for two hours. Then shells are removed leaving the nib. Nibs are crushed to create a chocolate mass. This is the base raw material from which all chocolate products are made. KINDS OF CHOCOLATE Milk Chocolate This consists of at least 10% chocolate liquor (raw chocolate pressed from carob nibs) and 12% milk solids combined with sugar, cocoa butter (fat from nibs), and vanilla. Sweet and Semi-Sweet Chocolate Are made from 15-35% chocolate liquor, plus sugar, cocoa butter, and vanilla. Imprecision of the two terms causes them to commonly be called dark or plain chocolate. Dark chocolate has a large following among dessert makers, and for this reason is referred to as baking chocolate. Bittersweet and Bitter Chocolate Bittersweet usually contains 50% chocolate liguor and has a distinct bite to the taste. Bitter or unsweetened chocolate liquor also is used in baking and is also referred to as bakers chocolate. Creams and Variations Bite sized and chocolate covered. They are filled with caramels, nuts, creams, jellies, and so forth. White Chocolate Is not really chocolate as it contains no chocolate liquor, Carob This is a brown powder made from the pulverized fruit of a Mediterranean evergreen. It is used by some as a substitute for chocolate because it can be combined with vegetable fat and sugar, and made to approximately the color and consistency of chocolate.

Corporate Governance and Financial Scandals in India

Corporate Governance and Financial Scandals in India INTRODUCTION: This research will identify Corporate Governance in India and the reasons of its failures that lead to the financial scandals in India. As the big companies, Enron and WorldCom, illegal operations were disclosed; the worlds business came into shock. Many other companies in the world came under this attack like Parmalat in Italy, all had problems in their corporate governance. This showed that the whole world had a problem in their corporate governance. Unlike the developed countries, the developing countries had corporate governance as the main issue far before these scandals took place as corporate governance and the economic development are linked as this helps in development of financial system which results in increase of growth and reduction in the poverty. Thus research tells us why there are corporate governance failures in big organizations and explains the factors that influence the corporate governance like ownership structure, structure of company board, financial structur e, etc. LITERATURE REVIEW: 1.1.1 Corporate Governance: An overview Corporate Governance is an extensive term that refers that the rules, processes, responsibilities and the privileges are shared by the corporate participants. It basically says that how the investors assure that they get a return on their investment. It is the decision making committee by which the managers work on their duties in order to maximize investors wealth. Acc to Keasey et. al.(2005) approaches Corporate Governance as, â€Å"Corporate Governance has two requirements, micro level and macro level. At the micro level it needs to ensure that the firm, as a productive organization, functions in pursuit of its objectives. Thus if we follow the traditional Anglo-American conception of the firm as a device to further the well being of its owner-shareholders, good governance is a matter of ensuring that the decisions are taken and implemented in the pursuit of shareholder value. At the macro level corporate governance, in the words of Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, Ã¢â‚¬Ë œhas evolved to more effectively promote the allocation of the nations savings to its most productive use. â€Å" A good corporate governance should aim at long term benefits to the shareholders and other stakeholders. It can reduce the national financial crises. Corporate governance and currency depreciation have inverse relationship. Asian crisis of 1997 is one example of poor corporate governance norms. The manager should be working in the interest of the shareholders. Managers have the control over the business and may not act in the benefit of the shareholders. This is the common problem all over the world. On the whole a good corporate governance can help in preventing the financial scandals that happened in the world. 1.1.2 Corporate Governance in India: In India, corporate governance was not understood till early 1990s. Indian legal system is based on the English common law and gives the highest protection to the investors and to lenders as well. The corruption rate is very high in India. The most important development in corporate governance and investors protection in India is the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Board of India in 1992,(Chakrabarti et. at.,2007). It was established to monitor the stock trading which helped in making the basic rules for the conduct of corporate in India. Reforms were made to make the people rely more on market than on government. The public sector was targeted inorder to make it more efficient and to bring out the government holdings for sale to the public. Banking sector reforms were also made to bring them to the international levels. In 1998 a code- Desirable Corporate Governance in India and the companies followed it,(Mallin,2010). Many who didnt follow it experienced losses and end ed up in losing the confidence of people. SEBI also made a committee on corporate governance in 1999 headed by Shri Kumar Mangalam Birla and report was published in 2000,(Mallin,2010). This concentrated on the capital markets growth. The code is to be followed by the both public and private sector companies. The code tells about the structure of the company, the role played by them and what is everybody entitled for. i.e. Board of Directors, Nominee Directors, Chairman of the board, Audit committee, Remuneration committee, Shareholders, how corporate governance is implemented, management of the company and the board procedures. Though India has one of the best corporate governance laws but the implementation of them is very poor. In India, the main business type is the public limited companies. The legal system is the English Common Law, the structure of the Board is unitary and the ownership is basically family ownership or corporate but now the institutional investors ownership is increasing. 1.1.3 Financial Scandals: The corporate governance is influenced by the ownership structure, the structure of company boards, the financial structure and the institutional environment. If any of these doesnt work properly then the scandals are prone to happen. The people choose the board of directors, which further appoint managers for different work who actually work daily in order to maximize shareholders wealth. Its the board of directors that decided the corporate objectives and the managers are the one who carry them out. The main reasons that cause corporate governance to fail are as follows: the most important is that the work done is not watched properly and is very weak. There is not much respect for the shareholders, and moreover the management has the complete authority who works for their own benefits rather than the shareholders wealth maximization (KPGM, 2009). The few corporate scandals that have taken place all over the world are like Enron (USA), WorldCom (USA), Satyam (India) and many more ( Mehta et. al). RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES: The research aims to find the corporate structure and its role in fulfilling the objectives of an organization. The research about the present corporate governance structure and the changes it has come overtime and further any changes required according to international norms. The main objective of the research is as follows: How can corporate governance be more stringent to steer clear of scandals? How important is the Board structure and the Audit committee on the board for good Corporate Governance? Is there any alteration required in the current structure of corporate governance to make it work more efficiently? METHOD: The research is to be done, in particular, for the detailed information on the corporate governance and the reasons of its failure which result in the fall of huge companies based on the following two reasons i.e. the Board structure and the Audit committee. The qualitative approach will be used. The primary data collection for the Board structure will be done based on two companies i.e. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), India and Infosys Technology Limited (India) which can be compared to the one of the major company of India, Mahindra Satyam, which failed due to poor corporate governance. All three are the software companies. Taking direct interviews with the high officials on the management committee will be of helpful in finding out the deep structure and changes that are required for the corporate governance to work more efficiently and how does it still help the companies to perform up to their shareholders expectations. The Board structure can be discussed by knowing the number of members on the board, their independence. Auditors play an important role because due to their reports people put faith in the company. The audit members will be found and the actual knowledge of the members will be collected from the CMIEs prowess database which will help in telling whether the committee has enough knowledge in order to fulfill the shareholders demand or not. Secondary data is the data in which researcher is not involved in the collection (Dale, Arber, and Proctor 1988). The secondary data collection also got some advantages as cost and time, high-quality data, opportunities for longitudinal analysis, more time for data analysis and reanalysis may offer new interpretations (Knight and Latreille, 2000). Secondary data will be collected from company website, annual reports, books, journals, newspapers and magazines. The data collected as secondary can provide important information about the company and can prove supportive in research. 3.1 ASSESS RESEARCH QUALITY: Reliability: The reliability of interview can be ascertained by ensuring that all questions are clearly understandable to all the interviewees and the replies received can be coded explicitly. The answers received from interview should make sense and must prove helpful to the research. The self-completion questionnaire must be filled by employees without any pressure from their managers. Therefore, a pilot test must be conducted before issuing of questionnaire (Saunders et al., 2003). Validity: The validity is concerned with the issue that whether the data collected is related to what it is expected to be. According to Saunders et. al(2003), validity is related to a question of casual relationship between two variables? The research will be conducted from February 2010 to May 2010. And there will be direct contact with senior managers in DAIPL to keep updated about any change in their motivational strategy or any change made internally. This will ensure the validity of the research done. Ethics: The code of ethical conduct stated that it is the responsibility of the researcher to assess carefully the responsibility of harm to research participants, and, to the extent that it is possible, the possibility of harm should be minimized (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Therefore, research conducted will be done only when managers and employees are willing to participate in research. The names of all participates would be kept confidential and not revealed at any reason. The questions in the interview will not be formulated in manner that they show any participants identity. Accessibility: The researcher here is been granted the right to access and publish all the findings that are relevant to all ethical requirements.

E-Procurement and Competitive Advantage

E-Procurement and Competitive Advantage 1.0 Introduction The Internet plays an important role as it is revolutionizing the way in which business is conducted around the world. In new millennium with the emergence of electronic system, organizations are strained to shift their operation from traditional way to e-business had lead clear increase in global competition which threaten existing businesses and modernize business practices. Apart from that, technology is consider an integrate part of any business as technology can contribute to economic growth, increases productivity and quality of products as well as increases competitive advantages of industrial sectors. Besides, the developing of technology is in an increasing pace and dramatically changes business models in business sector. In such competitive environment resulted from globalization, firms must create more dynamic strategy over their competitor to survive in the business sector. Due to competition from various companies has increased as advancements in technology; it has broken down the traditional barriers to entry the market. Therefore, at the ever changing world, procurement process has been transformed into strategic resources. The use of new technology in procurement has provided substantial benefits. However, some organizations are exploiting competitive advantage through mergers, acquisitions, supply and distribution channel imptovements (Hamel and Prahalad 1994), as cited in Longenecker and Ariss (2002). 2.0 Research Objective To determine that whether e-procurement can achieve competitive advantage To investigate whether total quality management can achieve competitive advantage To examining whether implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can help to achieve further competitive advantage. 3.0 Research Questions Does e-procurement results in competitive advantage? Does total quality management results in competitive advantage? Does implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can help to achieve further competitive advantage? 4.0 Hypotheses E-Procurement can result in competitive advantage. Total quality management can result in competitive advantage. Implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can provide further competitive advantage. Literature Review 5.0 E-Procurement and Competitive Advantage 5.1 Conceptualization of E-Procurement Nowadays, the evolution of e-procurement is becoming more successively and interested on a global scale. According to Min and Galle (2003), e-procurement is defined as business-to-business purchasing practice that utilizes electronic commerce to identify potential sources of supply, to purchase goods and services, to transfer payment, and to interact with suppliers (as cited in Pearcy and Giunipero 2008, p.26). Besides that, electronic procurement consists of e-Maintenance Repair Operate (MRO), web-based Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), e-sourcing, e-tendering, e-auctioning, e-exchanges and e-informing (Min and Galle 2001; Knudsen 2003; Walker and Harland 2008). Apart from that, an Aberdeen Group (2001) found that e-procurement technologies are divided into 2 categories: direct procurement and indirect procurement (cited in Angeles and Nath 2007). Direct procurement is the purchase of high volume raw materials that used in the manufacturing process of a finished product (Harrigan et al. 2008). Whereas indirect procurement is the purchase of maintenance, materials and operation goods that are not directly involved in the production process such as office supplies, personal computers and advertising (Bof and Previtali 2007). Apart from that, procurement process involves a complex series of events which allows a firm to more from the basic need to reaching a final purchase decision through technical specification and potential supplier evaluation (Robinson et al. 1967, cited in Osmonbekov et al. 2002). Hence, many firms in diverse industries adopt the strategy of e-procurement and focus on restructuring the entire order-to-delivery process rath er than specific task in order to improve the efficiency of purchasing or supply management function as well as reduce operation costs of organization. 5.2 Conceptualization of Competitive Advantage The achievement of sustainable competitive advantage has long been the goal of companies and organizations. However, due to the rapid change in the global environment, researchers from various backgrounds have come up with their own different perspectives to identify definition of competitive advantage. In traditional industry, the importance of industry structure and market position plays significant roles to achieve competitive advantage (Porter 1980, cited in Ma 1999; Passemard and Kleiner 2000). According to Pfeffer and Vega (1991), the conceptualization of competitive advantage can be described as organizational practice, resource and asset that used to improve an organizations competitive position in the marketplace (as cited in Longenecker and Ariss 2002). Porter (1985) further description on competitive advantage grows out of the firms unique ability in creating superior customer value (as cited in Ma 2002, p.525). However, recently, Rindova and Fombrun (1999), state that competitive advantage is built on relationship and not an exchanges sustained social interactions in impressions which may affect future behaviors (cited in Tzokas and Saren 2004). 5.3 Competitive strategies in E-Procurement E-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firms endeavours to create a competitive cost advantage that lasts for many years, hence grounding sustainable competitive advantage (Bloomberg et al. 2002, p. 14) cited in (Pires and Stanton 2005). In order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, company should concern on the implementation of organizational business strategy in area of e-procurement. However, if the organization fails to apply a successful strategy, it will result in loss of business productivity and competitiveness which will undermine the long-term performance of the organization. Apart from that, a firm can enhance its market position and competitive strength by developing procurement strategy. Below are the competitive strategies which e-procurement can achieve competitive advantage: 5.3.1 Cost Reduction The reduction of purchasing cost has been recognized as one of the most significant purposes in procurement (Collis and Montgomery 1995), since the average manufacturing firm spends half of its sales revenue on the purchase of materials (cited in Ordanini and Rubera 2008). Furthermore, research shows that by using e-procurement can achieve cost saving which average reduction in purchase price of 17 per cent (Bartezzaghi and Ronchi 2005, cited as Harrigan et al. 2008). Additionally, by implementing e-procurement in an organization, it can help us to reduce purchase price of materials and costs that related to internal workflow of activities such as equipment and labour costs. With the use of electronic procurement, transactions can be proceed through HTML, EDI, e-mail and Internet which can eliminate the usage paper requisition for placing order, invoice as well as receipt (Sarkis et al. 2004). Additionally, Companies using e-procurement have reported savings up to 42% in purchasing t ransaction cost associated with less paperwork, which translates into fewer mistakes and more efficient purchasing process (Davila et al. 2002). 5.3.2 Efficiency Maximization E-procurement can improve the efficiency of the process which order fulfillment time can shortened up to 80 per cent (Minahan 2001, cited in Harrigan et al. 2008) as well as reduced the inventory levels (Min and Galle 2003). Thus, e-procurement has impact on the purchasing cycle time and delivery time. In order to achieve high quality performance, mostly organizations has seen the benefits of applying new technologies in its manufacturing processes because it can manufacture in a high volume production without any concerns in regards to cost. The investment in advanced equipment has enabled the company to achieve a high level of process capability that could not achieve by manual processes. Due to there are many repetitive and complicated tasks that machines can do which human being cannot do it. According to Bof and Previtali (2007), electronic procurement can accelerated the flow of important information between buyers and suppliers as well as elimination of transaction errors by transform the way of purchasing raw material from traditional methods to online. Currently, the use of internet serve as a foundation of data flow for strategic manufacturing purpose in e-procurement such as using barcodes in firms to manage the raw material. As the workflow automatically routes information through the purchasing process without re-keying all the date, user can use it easily and with a minimal error. According to Smith and Correa (2005), they stated that by using e-business can lead to highly accurate information gathering though proper database via internet and it enable to indentify each product moving throughout supply chain. Apart from that, the information that recorded in the system are stored in a real-time fashion, therefore, users can acquire an accurate tracking in supply chain compared with the traditional manual methods. Therefore the adoption of e-procurement will improve efficiency that can strengthen competitive advantage in firms and industries. In general, firms should adopt the e-procurement strategies to achieve competitive advantage among the competitors. For instance, firms need to learn the management practices which are reduce production costs by elimination waste and achieving higher efficiency to capture the attention of the suppliers. 6.0 Total Quality Management and Competitive Advantage 6.1 Conceptualization of Total Quality Management (TQM) Since 1980s, TQM has been regarded as one of the competitive strategies for firm to improve their competitive advantage and has widely implemented throughout the world (Kuei et al. 2001; Brah et al. 2002; Rad 2006). Besides that, TQM has been widely regarded as rational structure and scientific tools for the improvement of quality as well as improve competitive advantage (Sun 2000; Li et al. 2002). There is no universally agreed definition on TQM as many researchers have their own beliefs and prejudices towards the term (Martinez-Lorente 1998; Sun 2000; Psychogios and Priporas 2007; KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008). However, the definition provided by researchers is more like vague descriptions than definitions and contain terms as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a philosophy, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an approach for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008). As just an example, Rad (2006) defines TQM as a philosophy which provides a template for success to an organization through customer satisfaction. On the other hand, in recent years, a tendency toward agreement on a system perspective of TQM has been suggested. One such definition is from Hellsten and KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ (2000), who define TQM as a continuously evolving management system consisting of core values, methodologies and tools, the aim of which is to increase external and internal customer satisfaction with a reduced amount of resources (cited in KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008, p. 121). The definition provided by Hellsten and KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ (2000) is stated clearly as it consists of three components which are interdependent and supporting each of the values to sustaining a culture based on a kernel of core values. 6.2 Competitive strategies in TQM In order to compete with the increasingly of competitors, it has forced organizations find ways to reduce costs while maintaining customer satisfaction and making continuous improvement to the products. Since 1980, TQM has been recognized as a way to achieve goal by establishing a quality-based culture for improving customer satisfaction. Apart from that, TQM has been widely recognized as one of the most competitive weapon, if implemented successfully, provides a competitive advantage for organizations through quality (Martins and Toledo 2000; Beskese and Cebeci 2001; Prajogo and Sohal 2004). In order to achieve the goals of organization, they should implementing successful TQM strategies. 6.2.1 Quality Focus Currently, TQM have become a key focus for organizations as it considers as tools for improvement quality. According to Mandel et al. (2000), he noted that the implication of quality as a factor of international planning. Quality improvement refers to the efforts on increasing effectiveness and efficiency in order to satisfy customer expectations (Talha 2004). Organizations must plan the strategic to implement quality improvement planning into their business plan. If the organization has emphasized quality as an important strategic, this will leads to higher sales and operating profits as well as improve the competitive positions of the firm as the customers will pay more to quality products that satisfy them. Also, nowadays customers are become more sophisticated, continuous improvement in product quality is essential to satisfy their needs. Therefore, once the organizations satisfy the requirements of customer, items are producing according to specifications, it will minimizing defective items and the cost of rework (Khan 2003). Yet, TQM will increase the organizations competitive advantage because they concentrated on the improvements to offer superior quality of products to its customers (Martins and Toledo 2000). Hence, quality improvement is essential for the very survival of a company to achieve competitive advantage. 6.2.2 Customer Focus Customers have their expectations towards an organization which they patronize. If the expectations are not met, they will get dissatisfied and stop patronizing the organization; hence customer satisfaction is one of the important elements to attain competitive advantage. According to Bergman and Klefsjo (2003), satisfied customer are loyal customers and loyal customers are profitable customers and profitable customers make lucrative businesses and happy owners (cited in Bergquist et al. 2005, p. 312). However, customers are usually irrational. In order to develop their potential quality, companies need to develop the strategies on customer focus. Generally, customer focus means as the activities of the companies are intended to benefit the customer but the customer is seen from the companies own perspective (Lagrosen 2001, p.350). Organizations should make an effort to gain information regarding the needs and wants of the customer rather than always focus on the companies view of product and its features. 6.2.3 Process Focus The goal of process management is to zeroing down the defective and failures rate as well as reduce process variation by building quality into the production process which can reduced cost. According to Ou et al. (n.d.), inferior quality manufacturing process will increase high scrap rate and rework rate which will lead to use more resource to produce qualified products. Therefore, firms should concern on process management to avoid the occurrences of unnecessary costs such as waste costs by finding quality problems immediately. TQM implementation can directly increasing firms quality performance by improving manufacturing process, has indirect effects on increasing customer satisfaction as well as the reputation of firms. By reducing unnecessary waste cost such as waste of production, avoidable process and waste of defects, firms can put into practice of lean production. According to Womack and Jones (1996), lean production has its origin in philosophy of achieving improvements in most economical ways with special focus on reducing waste (cited in Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park 2006, p. 264). For instance, firm can designing the production process and giving orders and instructions to the workers. The improvement of manufacturing efficiency will improve customers satisfaction and eventually the companys financial performance. 6.3 Adoption of e-Procurement in Total Quality Management to achieve Competitive Advantage There is no clearly evidence shows that the adoption of e-procurement in total quality management can achieve further competitive advantage, however it can be shows that the ways of both e-procurement and TQM are almost using same strategies to achieve competitive advantage. 6.3.1 Business-to-business (B2B) E-procurement E-procurement is defined as the use of information technologies to facilitate business-to-business (B2B) purchase transactions for materials and services (Wu et al. 2007, cited in Walker and Harland 2008). With the development of B2B e-procurement, the traditional method of business are replaced by the electronically transactions. Besides that, BCB e-procurement can help TQM in achieving competitive advantage. 6.3.1.1 Cost Minimization Application of e-procurement practices into total quality management is beneficial as it can improve facilitation of efficient and cost-effective trading routes to conduct business. According to Harrigan et al. (2008), e-procurement can reduce purchasing costs by amending the way raw materials are purchasing from traditional methods to online ordering. With the implementation of e-procurement, transactions can be proceed via e-mail, electronic data interchange, fax which can directly eliminate paper usage such as invoice, receipts as well as paper catalogs. However, Turban et al. (2006) argues that systematic procurement transactions tend to waste time on non-value-adding activities such as handling errors in ordering and invoicing, data entry which often time consuming and costly to trace (cited in Aboelmaged 2009). 6.3.1.2 Efficiency Maximization Apart from the cost reductions arising from transactional, e-procurement can also contribute to efficient purchasing process in many ways. As earlier mention, TQM have been emphasized that its main focus is improving products quality, therefore it may be less paying attention on giving maximize efficiency. Consequently, by implementation e-procurement in TQM can achieve maximum efficiency. It is obvious that e-procurement greatly helps improve communication with suppliers providing access to the information 24 hours a day. Therefore, the system availability can makes it easier for businesses to receive order from the supplier and summit an order. By providing greater access, firms can reduce the purchasing cycle time and improved performance between buyers and suppliers. According to Choudhury et al. (1998), repetition in the procurement system will increase the efficiency and result in a higher level of electronic integration between buyers and suppliers (cited in Walker and Harland 2008). 6.3.1.3 Methods of B2B e-procurement Previously, most of the organizations are using traditional modes of communication such as phone, fax, memo and face-to-face. However, through evolution of the technologies, organizations can improve the speed in business transactions through the utilization of the B2B e-procurement methods: 1. Reverse Auctions. A reverse e-auction is a form of the electronic data communication which provides a forum wherein several suppliers compete online for contracts offered by a customer (Tassabehji et al. 2006). Due to no human intervention along with computerized accessible format, it can help both parties gain form less paperwork, shorted cycle times for circulation requesters for quotations, faster responses to potential bidders and reduced transaction costs (Plouffe et al. 2001). 2. Lean procurement. Lean procurement generally imply on small quantity of products purchased frequently from few suppliers, who deliver the items in exact quantities at the specific time and place (Wilson and Roy 2009). It also further noted that lean procurement unlike the traditional purchasing system such as TQM where the price considerations, suppliers are evaluated through the reliability, behaviors, performance as well as price. Based on the traditional purchasing system, the relationship between buyers and suppliers are based on the long-term trust and commitment. 3. Internet. Through internet, companies have ability to speed up the business transactions through a faster way as it allows companies to pay invoices and payment electronically. Besides that, the use of internet through videoconferencing provides a visual contract which allows companies communicate with the suppliers (Samaniego 2006). 7.0 Theoretical Framework Competitive Advantage E-Procurement Total Quality Management 8.0 Research Methods 8.1 Explanatory My research is about the ways of e-procurement and total quality management in achieving competitive advantage of organizations. In the literature review, I am explaining the relationship between e-procurement and competitive advantage as well as total quality management and competitive advantage; therefore my research is an explanatory study. According to Saunders et al. (2009), explanatory study is known as causal study which is emphasizes on explaining the relationships between variables. 8.2 Research Philosophy The research philosophy that I adopt in the literature review is epistemology. Epistemology concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study (Saunders et al, 2009, p. 112). This research will be mostly exploring the strategies of how e-procurement and TQM to achieve competitive advantage. Besides that, although many successful cases that shows that e-procurement and TQM can provide competitive advantage to an organization. However, I may not be able to know that e-procurement and TQM can achieve competitive advantage. Therefore, I a going to do this research to find out how e-procurement and TQM can help an organization achieve competitive advantage. Furthermore, the fact that it is an explanatory study also makes this research epistemology. Both the cause and the effect are known under an explanatory effect. In this research, I will acts as a positivist. A positivist will prefer working with an observable social reality and that the end products of such research can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists (Remenyi et al., 1998, p. 32, as cited in Saunders et al., 2009, p. 113). Therefore, I will only based on the quantifiable observations which I can see, hear and touch to develop hypotheses. 8.3 Approach Deductive approach is an approach of working from more general idea to a more specific idea and also known as waterfall approach and therefore, conclusion follows logically from the premises (Gill Johnson, 2010). My research will utilize deductive approach since the theory and hypothesis have been created at the starting of the research. Besides that, the research itself is an observation to further confirm the relationship between e-procurement, TQM and competitive advantage as well as allows me to test and confirm my hypothesis. 8.4 Method The research measurements used in this study will be mixture of qualitative and quantitative factors. A quantitative research aims at determining the relationship between one thing and another (Denzin Lincon, 2005). A qualitative research is used to address research questions that require explanation or understanding of social phenomena and their contexts (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). In this research, I will more focus on quantitative research instead of qualitative research. By using quantitative research, I can find out the following data: 1. The percentage of organizations which are successfully achieving competitive advantage after adoption of either e-procurement, TQM, or both. 2. The percentage of organizations which adopt neither e-procurement nor TQM, but have achieved competitive advantage. Besides that, I plan to apply structured questionnaire and interview which form by structured questions and answers. Structured interviews use questionnaires based on standardized set of questions which can be result more accurate and credible data. Although quantitative research is the main focus in this research, qualitative research is still under consideration towards these issues. Under qualitative methods, I will be using semi-structured and in-depth questionnaire and interview. A semi-structured questionnaire or interview is where the questions are structured but the answers are left unstructured. However, in-depth questionnaire or interview is where both the questions and answers are unstructured. Therefore, my research choice is Mixed Methods whereby both quantitative and qualitative methods are being considered. 8.5 Strategies The strategies that can be implemented in conducting this research are survey. Survey is a research strategy that involves the structured collection of data from a sizeable population (Saunders et al., 2009). The reason for choosing survey as my strategy is survey allows me to collect the quantitative data which I can analyze quantitatively using statistics. By using survey, I can easily calculate the percentage of increase in profits after implementing e-procurement and TQM. Through the survey, questionnaire will be given. Structured questionnaires bring convenience for me when carrying out the percentage calculation. Another strategy that can be implemented is archival research which makes use of administrative records and documents as the principal source of data (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research, archival research can used to identify the companies in the past that have been successful in achieving e-procurement and TQM and changing effects that has led to their success. 8.6 Sampling Sampling techniques are used to define the target population by keeping with the objectives of the study. Hence, sampling methods are techniques for collecting sub-volumes from larger volume of target population (Groves et al., 2010). Sample selection will be done on a random basis to avoid selection bias. In this research, the sampling method that will be use is stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling is a modification of random sampling in which you divide the population into two or more relevant strata based on one or a number of attributes (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 228). I will divide all companies in Malaysia into 4 groups which are companies that implement e-procurement, companies that implement TQM, companies that implement both e-procurement and TQM as well as companies that do not implement both e-procurement and TQM. In this case, companies will be selected using random sampling. Besides that, 50 questionnaires will be distributed randomly to every company. 8.7 Time Horizon In terms of time horizon, my research will be considered as cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional study refers to data gathered only once over a period of time. Since this research must complete within 1 month, I am not be able to analyze the development of e-procurement in future. Therefore, my research will more focus on the e-procurement of e-procurement nowadays and explain the relationship between every variable. Besides that, this research typically deals with historical data, hence the necessity to get results frequently is comparatively low as the industry conditions will not change rapidly. 8.8 Possible Result For the hypothesis of this research to be true, it must be supported by the fact that adoption of e-procurement in TQM can provide further competitive advantage. Besides that, the results of the survey as well as archival research should show that the companies that implement neither e-procurement nor TQM can achieve competitive advantage. However, if the result of this research shows that the adoption of e-procurement in TQM does not achieve competitive advantage then the hypothesis of the research will be proven false. 9.0 Conclusion Based on reading of literature, I can suggest that hypothesis of this research paper is accepted. It clearly shows that e-procurement and TQM on business can achieve and sustaining competitive advantage in business world nowadays. The development of e-procurement does give a huge impact on business management will continuing technological revolution provides a number of challenges for firms today. An efficient e-procurement should implement competitive strategies to achieve competitive advantage as well as enhance market position in market. Besides that, a further competitive advantage can be gained by implementing e-procurement in TQM. Hence, it can be concluded that adoption of both e-procurement and TQM can bring organization to achieve further competitive advantage. However, in practice, TQM benefits are not easy to achieve. Many organizations and companies have difficulties in implementing TQM due to lack of consistent senior management commitment, superficial knowledge of imple menters of TQM as well as lack of strategic plan for change. In other words, TQM can have a dramatic impact on an organization. (4258 words) 10.0 References Aberdeen Group. (2001). 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